diff --git a/utils/__init__.py b/utils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fc0559
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""通用工具：配置、注册表、日志、随机种子、设备检查。"""
+
+from utils.config import Config, load_config
+from utils.device import require_cuda, resolve_device
+from utils.labels import LABEL_MODES, MULTICLASS, MULTILABEL, check_label_mode
+from utils.logging import get_logger, setup_logging
+from utils.registry import Registry
+from utils.seed import seed_everything
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Config",
+    "load_config",
+    "require_cuda",
+    "resolve_device",
+    "LABEL_MODES",
+    "MULTILABEL",
+    "MULTICLASS",
+    "check_label_mode",
+    "get_logger",
+    "setup_logging",
+    "Registry",
+    "seed_everything",
+]
diff --git a/utils/config.py b/utils/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e619b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+"""YAML 配置加载：支持 `_base_` 继承、深度合并与命令行点号覆盖。"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ast
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+import yaml
+
+BASE_KEY = "_base_"
+
+
+class Config(dict):
+    """行为与 dict 一致，额外支持 `cfg.train.lr` 式属性访问。"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        for key, value in list(self.items()):
+            if isinstance(value, Mapping) and not isinstance(value, Config):
+                self[key] = Config(value)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return self[item]
+        except KeyError as exc:  # pragma: no cover - 仅用于更友好的报错
+            raise AttributeError(item) from exc
+
+    def get_path(self, dotted: str, default: Any = None) -> Any:
+        node: Any = self
+        for part in dotted.split("."):
+            if not isinstance(node, Mapping) or part not in node:
+                return default
+            node = node[part]
+        return node
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
+        def unwrap(value: Any) -> Any:
+            if isinstance(value, Mapping):
+                return {k: unwrap(v) for k, v in value.items()}
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                return [unwrap(v) for v in value]
+            return value
+
+        return unwrap(self)
+
+    def dump(self, path: str | Path) -> None:
+        Path(path).write_text(
+            yaml.safe_dump(self.to_dict(), allow_unicode=True, sort_keys=False),
+            encoding="utf-8",
+        )
+
+
+def deep_merge(base: Mapping, override: Mapping) -> dict:
+    """递归合并；override 中的标量/列表直接覆盖 base。"""
+    merged = dict(base)
+    for key, value in override.items():
+        if key in merged and isinstance(merged[key], Mapping) and isinstance(value, Mapping):
+            merged[key] = deep_merge(merged[key], value)
+        else:
+            merged[key] = value
+    return merged
+
+
+def _load_raw(path: Path, seen: set[Path]) -> dict:
+    path = path.resolve()
+    if path in seen:
+        raise ValueError(f"配置 `{BASE_KEY}` 出现循环引用: {path}")
+    seen.add(path)
+
+    data = yaml.safe_load(path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")) or {}
+    if not isinstance(data, dict):
+        raise TypeError(f"配置文件必须是映射: {path}")
+
+    bases = data.pop(BASE_KEY, [])
+    if isinstance(bases, str):
+        bases = [bases]
+
+    merged: dict = {}
+    for base in bases:
+        base_path = (path.parent / base).resolve()
+        merged = deep_merge(merged, _load_raw(base_path, set(seen)))
+    return deep_merge(merged, data)
+
+
+def parse_override(item: str) -> tuple[str, Any]:
+    """解析 `train.lr=1e-3`，值按 Python 字面量尝试转换，失败则保留字符串。"""
+    if "=" not in item:
+        raise ValueError(f"覆盖项格式应为 key=value，收到: {item}")
+    key, raw = item.split("=", 1)
+    try:
+        value = ast.literal_eval(raw)
+    except (ValueError, SyntaxError):
+        value = raw
+    return key.strip(), value
+
+
+def apply_overrides(cfg: dict, overrides: Iterable[str]) -> dict:
+    for item in overrides:
+        key, value = parse_override(item)
+        parts = key.split(".")
+        node = cfg
+        for part in parts[:-1]:
+            nxt = node.get(part)
+            if not isinstance(nxt, dict):
+                nxt = {}
+                node[part] = nxt
+            node = nxt
+        node[parts[-1]] = value
+    return cfg
+
+
+def load_config(path: str | Path, overrides: Iterable[str] = ()) -> Config:
+    cfg = _load_raw(Path(path), set())
+    cfg = apply_overrides(cfg, overrides)
+    cfg.setdefault("config_path", str(Path(path).resolve()))
+    return Config(cfg)
diff --git a/utils/device.py b/utils/device.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa3f59c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/device.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+"""设备检查。
+
+项目硬性约定（见 CLAUDE.MD）：禁止在没有 Nvidia GPU 的设备上训练。
+所有训练入口必须先调用 `require_cuda()`，检查不通过直接抛错退出。
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+class NoNvidiaGpuError(RuntimeError):
+    """当前设备不具备可用的 Nvidia GPU。"""
+
+
+def cuda_devices() -> list[str]:
+    """返回可用的 Nvidia GPU 名称列表；没有 torch 或没有 GPU 时返回空列表。"""
+    try:
+        import torch
+    except ImportError:
+        return []
+    if not torch.cuda.is_available() or torch.version.cuda is None:
+        return []
+    return [torch.cuda.get_device_name(i) for i in range(torch.cuda.device_count())]
+
+
+def require_cuda() -> list[str]:
+    """训练前的守卫；无 Nvidia GPU 时抛出 `NoNvidiaGpuError`。"""
+    try:
+        import torch
+    except ImportError as exc:
+        raise NoNvidiaGpuError("未安装 PyTorch，无法确认 Nvidia GPU，训练已中止。") from exc
+
+    if torch.version.cuda is None:
+        raise NoNvidiaGpuError(
+            f"当前 PyTorch ({torch.__version__}) 不是 CUDA 构建（可能是 CPU/ROCm/MPS 版本），"
+            "本项目禁止在非 Nvidia GPU 设备上训练。"
+        )
+    if not torch.cuda.is_available() or torch.cuda.device_count() == 0:
+        raise NoNvidiaGpuError(
+            "未检测到可用的 Nvidia GPU，本项目禁止在无 GPU 的设备上训练。"
+            "评估/推理请使用 eval.py 并显式指定 device=cpu。"
+        )
+    return cuda_devices()
+
+
+def resolve_device(device: str = "cuda"):
+    """把配置中的 device 字符串解析为 `torch.device`。
+
+    仅用于评估/推理等允许 CPU 的场景；训练路径请先走 `require_cuda()`。
+    """
+    import torch
+
+    if device.startswith("cuda") and not torch.cuda.is_available():
+        raise NoNvidiaGpuError(f"请求了 {device}，但当前设备没有可用的 Nvidia GPU。")
+    return torch.device(device)
diff --git a/utils/labels.py b/utils/labels.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..753bd33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/labels.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+"""图像级标签形式的共用定义（模型与数据集都要用到，放这里避免互相 import）。"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+MULTILABEL = "multilabel"
+MULTICLASS = "multiclass"
+LABEL_MODES = (MULTILABEL, MULTICLASS)
+
+
+def check_label_mode(label_mode: str) -> str:
+    if label_mode not in LABEL_MODES:
+        raise ValueError(f"未知 label_mode: {label_mode}，可选 {LABEL_MODES}")
+    return label_mode
diff --git a/utils/logging.py b/utils/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5fb539
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+"""日志：控制台 + 可选文件输出。"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+_FORMAT = "[%(asctime)s][%(levelname)s][%(name)s] %(message)s"
+_DATEFMT = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
+
+
+def setup_logging(log_file: str | Path | None = None, level: int | str = logging.INFO) -> logging.Logger:
+    root = logging.getLogger("mte")
+    root.setLevel(level)
+    root.handlers.clear()
+    root.propagate = False
+
+    formatter = logging.Formatter(_FORMAT, datefmt=_DATEFMT)
+
+    stream = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
+    stream.setFormatter(formatter)
+    root.addHandler(stream)
+
+    if log_file is not None:
+        path = Path(log_file)
+        path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        file_handler = logging.FileHandler(path, encoding="utf-8")
+        file_handler.setFormatter(formatter)
+        root.addHandler(file_handler)
+
+    return root
+
+
+def get_logger(name: str = "mte") -> logging.Logger:
+    return logging.getLogger(name if name.startswith("mte") else f"mte.{name}")
diff --git a/utils/registry.py b/utils/registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62a25ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+"""极简注册表：按名字注册 / 构建模型、数据集等组件。"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class Registry:
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self._entries: dict[str, Callable[..., Any]] = {}
+
+    def register(self, name: str | None = None) -> Callable[[T], T]:
+        """装饰器；`name` 缺省时使用被装饰对象的 __name__。"""
+
+        def wrapper(obj: T) -> T:
+            key = name or getattr(obj, "__name__", None)
+            if key is None:
+                raise ValueError(f"无法推断注册名: {obj!r}")
+            if key in self._entries:
+                raise KeyError(f"{self.name} 中已存在同名条目: {key}")
+            self._entries[key] = obj  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            return obj
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    def get(self, name: str) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+        if name not in self._entries:
+            raise KeyError(f"{self.name} 中找不到 '{name}'，可用: {sorted(self._entries)}")
+        return self._entries[name]
+
+    def build(self, cfg: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        """按 `{"name": ..., 其余作为构造参数}` 构建对象。"""
+        cfg = dict(cfg)
+        name = cfg.pop("name", None)
+        if name is None:
+            raise KeyError(f"构建 {self.name} 需要 'name' 字段: {cfg}")
+        return self.get(name)(**{**cfg, **kwargs})
+
+    def __contains__(self, name: object) -> bool:
+        return name in self._entries
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return iter(self._entries)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._entries)
diff --git a/utils/seed.py b/utils/seed.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..745b549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utils/seed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""随机种子与 cudnn 确定性设置。"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import random
+
+
+def seed_everything(seed: int, deterministic: bool = False) -> int:
+    random.seed(seed)
+    os.environ["PYTHONHASHSEED"] = str(seed)
+
+    try:
+        import numpy as np
+
+        np.random.seed(seed)
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        import torch
+
+        torch.manual_seed(seed)
+        torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
+        if deterministic:
+            torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True
+            torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = False
+        else:
+            torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = True
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        pass
+
+    return seed